Meningitis is the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the central nervous system, known collectively as the meninges. This condition involves the inflammation of the meninges, which are the membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. Typically, this inflammation stems from bacterialor viral infections (viral meningitis also known as aseptic meningitis). Other less common organisms include, fungi, protozoa, and other parasites can be responsible.¹

Sometimes certain medications, cancers, or other diseases can trigger meningeal inflammation. Many bacteria or viruses linked to meningitis are common and more frequently associated with everyday illnesses. However, they can sometimes migrate to the meninges from an infection in another body part. The infection can originate from various locations, such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract, or urinary system, with the respiratory tract being the primary source. Subsequently, microorganisms can enter the bloodstream, travel throughout the body, and infiltrate the central nervoussystem. In bacterial meningitis, the bacteria may directly reach the meninges from a severe nearby infection, like a significant ear infection (otitis media) or nasal sinus infection (sinusitis).¹

Additionally, bacteria might infiltrate the central nervous system following severe head trauma or head surgery.¹

Causes

Meningitis is often the result of a bacterial or viral infection that penetrates the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The CSF is the fluid found in the cavities of thebrain that serves to protect and cushion the brain and spinal cord. A fungus or parasite can also trigger meningitis. The severity of symptoms and prognosis for a child with meningitis depends on the specific organism responsible for the infection. This condition can affect individuals of all ages, from infants to adults. Certain bacteria and viruses may be more prevalent in specific age groups compared to others.²

Precautions

Vaccines and prophylactic antibiotics are two effective strategies for prevention when faced with the threat of meningitis. This condition usually arises from contagious infections. The bacteria or viruses responsible for causing meningitis can be transmitted through activities like coughing, sneezing, kissing, or sharing items such as eating utensils, a toothbrush, or a cigarette. Additionally, individuals face a higher risk of contracting the disease if they reside or work closely with someone who is infected.^3,4

Maintaining proper hand hygiene is crucial for avoiding exposure to harmful pathogens. Encourage your children to practice frequent handwashing, particularly before meals, after using the restroom, following time spent in crowded public areas, or after interacting with animals. Demonstrate the correct technique for washing hands thoroughly, ensuring that they cover both the front and back of each hand with soap and rinse under running water. Additionally, enhance your immune system by prioritizing sufficient rest, engaging in regular exercise, and consuming a nutritious diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.⁵