Methamphetamine, a potent stimulant, has a profound impact on various body systems, leading to detrimental health consequences. From the central nervous system to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, methamphetamine abuse wreaks havoc on the human body. Understanding these effects is crucial for devising effective interventions to mitigate the harm caused by this highly addictive substance. Interestingly, when used appropriately, methamphetamine also has recognized medical applications for certain conditions, underscoring the importance of controlled and informed use¹

Central nervous system:

Methamphetamine primarily exerts its effects on the central nervous system (CNS), leading to heightened alertness, increased energy, and euphoria. However, prolonged methamphetamine use can result in neurotoxicity, causing neuronal damage and impairing cognitive function.1 Chronic methamphetamine abuse is associated with structural and functional changes in the brain, including reduced gray matter volume, alterations in neurotransmitter systems, and deficits in memory and executive function. Medically, methamphetamine is approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and certain cases of treatment-resistant obesity, where it can help improve focus, reduce impulsivity, and decrease appetite.²

Cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular effects of methamphetamine use are well-documented, with acute use leading to increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and vasoconstriction.3 Chronic methamphetamine abuse can result in cardiovascular complications such as cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. These cardiovascular effects contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality associated with methamphetamine abuse. In a medical setting, low doses of methamphetamine have been used with caution for its sympathomimetic properties to manage narcolepsy, although this practice is rare and highly regulated.⁴

Respiratory system:

Methamphetamine abuse can also have adverse effects on the respiratory system, particularly when the drug is smoked. Inhalation of methamphetamine vapor can lead to pulmonary complications such as pulmonary hypertension, lung injury, and respiratory distress.2 Chronic methamphetamine use is associated with an increased risk of developing respiratory infections and lung disease, further compromising respiratory function. There are no direct medical uses of methamphetamine for the respiratory system, but its stimulant effects can indirectly affect respiratory function by increasing alertness in conditions such as narcolepsy, potentially improving the regulation of breathing patterns during wakefulness.⁴

Gastrointestinal system:

The gastrointestinal effects of methamphetamine abuse include appetite suppression, nausea, and constipation. Chronic methamphetamine use can lead to gastrointestinal disturbances such as gastritis, gastrointestinal bleeding, and bowel ischemia. These complications can result from the direct effects of methamphetamine on gastrointestinal tissue as well as secondary to poor nutrition and hygienic practices associated with drug abuse. Medically, methamphetamine's appetite-suppressing qualities have been utilized in the past for the short-term treatment of obesity, although its use is limited due to the potential for abuse and adverse effects.³

Conclusion:

Methamphetamine abuse exerts a profound and multifaceted impact on various body systems, including the central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. The neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine contribute to cognitive impairment and behavioural dysfunction, while cardiovascular complications pose significant risks to cardiovascular health. Additionally, respiratory and gastrointestinal complications further exacerbate the health burden associated with methamphetamine abuse. Effective interventions targeting these diverse physiological effects are essential for mitigating the harms of methamphetamine abuse and improving overall public health. Despite the significant risks associated with its abuse, methamphetamine does have legitimate medical uses, highlighting the need for careful prescription and monitoring in clinical settings.